Belize Barrier Reef

Belize Barrier Reef

Belize Barrier Reef image courtsey: tranquilitybayresort.com

Belize, Caribbean - A small nation unique in two things

Belize; a small nation in the Caribbean; located between Guatemala and Mexico; is one of the least a populated places in the world (less than 300,000 people live in a land area of 8867 sq miles). Till 1973 Belize was known as British Honduras. Two things make Belize a unique place one is the Belize Barrier Reef located off its coast (that is second biggest in the world) and the second is the language its people speak; English (Belize being the only English speaking nation in the Caribbean).

The coral barrier reef of Belize starts 300 meters off shore of Belize and stretches up to 40 km south like a mountain range; its total length is about 300 km (185 miles). For Belize; this coral formations remain as the hub of its tourism industry in fact it is the revenue from tourism that keeps Belize economy ticking.

What are these coral reefs?

Belize Barrier Reef image courtsey: birminghamzoo.com

These coral reefs are calcium formations in intricate shapes and varying colors formed by generations of living things called cnidarians (coral polyps) which live in huge colonies. One may mistake them for plants and flowers because they are stationary, beautiful and flower shaped, in fact people of early times took them for flowers. These coral polyps grow one over the other, dead exoskeleton of the previous ones forms base for new ones to grow, thus several generations of anemones give rise to a massive structure like a mountain range in the sea; which we call the coral reef.

Most diverse system

Belize Barrier Reef image courtsey: eb.com

Belize Barrier Reef is an outstanding natural system under the care of a government body by name ‘Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System’ with about 960sq km in area under it; this includes seven marine reserves, 450 cays, several mangrove forests, estuaries and three atolls. This reserve system has almost all types of formations associated with corals like the following,

Fringing Reef; found in shallow waters near the coast and leaves shallow lagoon with full of beautiful fish varieties. These fish are of all shapes and sizes; some like angels and some like demons; most of them with all decorations in color and designs that can defeat any artist.

Barrier reef; a long chain of coral reef formed like a mountain range (ex the Great Barrier Reef of Australia).The Belize Barrier Reef is 300 km (185 miles) in length.

Offshore atolls (unlike barrier reef where formation longitudinal; corals form in a ring like fashion giving birth to islands in the mid sea; generally with engulfed sea or fresh-water Lake in the middle. Such a ring shaped island is called ‘atoll’

Cays’ (quays) are low bank or reef of coral, rock or sand, in fact they are a museum of beautiful corals of varying colors and shapes, fish of unheard color and beauty, crabs, starfish, mussels, squids and what not! The whole system is a scuba diver’s paradise, Belize has got hundreds of them; Ambergris cay, Caulker, Chapel, St. George, English, Long, Maho, Gladden, Black bird, Rendezvous etc are all cays, natures largesse to Belize! Ambergris Cay is perhaps more beautiful than heaven itself! Its fish is not afraid of man and they come very close to the scuba diver for an innocent caress.

Mangrove forests, these are saline and marshy places; they play host to many types of fish, animals, birds, specially adapted to such places The mangrove plants (example Rhizophora) have ‘aerial roots’ that can absorb oxygen from atmospheric air and survive in waterlogged areas. The Holchan Marine Reserve is endowed with one of the richest mangrove eco-systems in the world.

Holchan Marine Reserve is a 4448 acre wide area at the south of Ambergris Cay, with rich mangrove forests, sea-grass vegetations and swamps famous for its beautiful fish varieties. From 1987 it has been declared reserve as excessive fishing led the fall of fish stocks. WWF and USAID initiatives have helped in regenerating its dwindling fish stock, at present it has been divided in to 3 zones; A, B, and C, in Zone A no fishing is allowed. In 1999 ‘Shark Ray Ally’ another endangered area has been added to it.

Coastal lagoons (shallow lakes formed between sea and land; separated by sand banks and corals), they are homes to numerous living things most of them brightly colored and beautifully shaped. Albemarle Sound in N. Carolina and Fire Island in New York are lagoons.

Estuaries (semi enclosed water bodies with one or more streams flowing in to it; (generally mouth of river which meets the sea tides). the semi saline water with marshes mangrove plants inhibits human interference which let particular types of plants and animals adapted to the system to flourish.

Jacques Yves Cousteau

The Great Blue Hole; is a 400 feet deep underwater cave with a mouth 1000 feet wide; this mystical cave lies in the center of the Light House Reef Atoll, this 1000 feet wide and 400 feet deep gorge remained as a mystery to the sea goers and many fairy tales were woven by the imaginative sailors about it. Jacques Yves Cousteau –the ace scuba diver demystified it and made this site famous as a scuba diving point. He charted this site with the help of his ship ‘Calipso’.

No predators, it is coral reef (man included)!

Belize Barrier Reef image courtsey: geol.sc.edu

This Barrier reef is a complete eco system comparable to a tropical forest; it is home to innumerable types of plants, vertebrates and invertebrates algae etc. Its intricate structure gives marine animals and other beings; protection from predators and give them ambient atmosphere to mate and multiply. Even in this time with advanced gears for scuba diving; man has been able to explore only 10% of the area of this Belize Barrier Reef; this fact itself is ample proof of the level of protection a coral reef offers to the living things which depend on it for a secured living!

From 10% so much!

Though natural fortification protects the bio-system from predators scientists are not a happy lot as they are not satisfied as far as 100% area is covered and studied. How many types of living things live in this ecosystem what are their lifestyles? These are questions the scientists are after. So far about 70 hard coral species, 36 soft coral species, 500 species of fish, thousands of invertebrates have been identified as inhabitants of this exclusive eco-system; and that too from the mere 10% of the area covered, suppose once upon a time 100% of area get covered how many new species will emerge remains to be seen!

A hot destination

Belize Barrier Reef Map courtsey: unesco.org

The Belize Barrier Reef is a UNESCO listed World Heritage Site since 1996. In size it is the largest in the hemisphere and second largest in the world; after the Great Barrier Reef). Its natural attraction as one of the most beautiful locations in the world has turned out this site to a much sought after tourist destination. More than 300,000 tourists visit this site and get engaged in boating, voyages and conducted as well as packaged tours every year. Tourism of late has emerged as one of the major threats to this system!

A word of concern

The coral polyps are very delicate beings which require clear water with fewer nutrients to grow. The fast vanishing tropical forests speeds up rivers that wash out silt to the sea; these silts engulf the reef thereby stifling it to death (bleaching). The nutrients (detergents etc) promote unchecked algae growth that infects the coral to death. Coral reefs are the fruits of strenuous and self-less efforts of billions of miniature beings; it has been established that about 40% of the Belize Reef is almost dead. Let us hope they will regenerate and flourish!

Related Reading

• Coral reefs - The Vanishing Tribe That Made Mountains Out of Thin Water !!!
• The Great Barrier Reef

Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef image courtsey: eb.com

The treasure of Oceania.

The region of the mid-south Pacific Ocean where Australia, New Zealand and numerous small islands (about 25,000) scattered is known as the Oceania. The Oceania has much geographical exclusivities for its credit; but Great Barrier Reef that spans 2000 kms near Australia is the most prominent among them. It is the largest coral reef in the world (the second largest is the Belize Barrier Reef of Central America) located in the Coral Sea off north–east part of Australia almost parallel to Queen’s Land. This rare natural wonder comprises of about 900 islands and more than 3000 coral platforms all formed by millions of years of biological activity has been approved as the icon of Queen’s Land.

Great Barrier Reef Map courtsey: gbrmpa.gov.au

The Coral Polyps, their self less service.

Unbelievable but true is the fact that these huge ‘mountains’ are aragonite structures created by a type of miniature animals known as ‘Coral Polyps’ belonging to the group of Sea Anemones and Jelly Fishes (colonial cnidarians). The Coral Polyps are very special types of ‘animals’ which are shaped like flowers, and live in enormous colonies consisting of billions of such animals. Each animal during its life span leaves an amount of calcium deposit (which functions as their exoskeleton) on which a new one finds its shelter thus the process goes on. These so called animals have no brain, heart, ear or even eyes, are engaged twenty four hours in absorbing calcium rich minerals from the surrounding sea water and converting it to hard calcium deposits that is the coral reef, a self less service for the welfare of the mother earth!

Symbiosis.

The lives of the Coral Polyps are dependent (rather it is a symbiotic relationship) on a special type of algae by name Zooxanthellae. Coral Polyps carry these yellowish brown algae in their body, Zooxanthellae produce necessary oxygen for the breathing and nutrients for the polyps in addition they help in the removal of wastes that get accumulated on its body. In return the algae get ‘lodging’ facility in the body (cytoplasm) of the polyps. This type of natural arrangement existing in nature between two types of being is known as symbiosis. The problem with symbiosis is that one animal cannot live without the other.

Barriers and Atolls, Bank Reef etc.

The Great Barrier Reef image courtsey: smh.com.au

The Coral Reefs are of many types, Fringing Reef, found in the shallow waters of seacoast and leaves a shallow lagoon with beautiful fish varieties, The Apron reef, Barrier Reef is that remains detached from mainland looks like a mountain range. Patch Reef, Ribbon Reef, Table Reef etc are shaped as their names denote (Table Reefs are comparatively larger). Atoll is ring shaped group of islands (may be continuous) that encircle a lagoon. The Barrier Reefs are located off the coast and are dotted with deep water bodies in between coat and the reef. The groups of coral islands also have lakes with bluish water in between. These Great Barrier Reefs that stretch more than 2000 km in length occupy more than 20,000 sq kms and each year they are engaged in the manufacturing of 500 million tons of calcium compounds!

A unique eco-system.

The Barrier Reef being a live mass require congenial atmosphere to flourish, temperature should be between 18 to 30 degree C, water should be saline and clear enough to allow sunrays in. Barrier reefs, Atolls and coral islands are all variants off same system. They jointly create a very rare and valuable eco system where numerous fish like Angel Fish, Parrot Fish, Damsel Fish, Butterfly Fish etc. algae, and many lower types of animals like Sea Cucumber, Shrimps, Spiny Lobsters, Star Fish etc. In a survey conducted in 1997 more than 93,000 species of plants and animals have been discovered from the barrier reef ecosystem. About one third of the total species of beings live in the barrier reef system. Deforestation makes the rivers filled with silt that flows direct in to the see.

Great Barrier Reef image courtsey: businessweek.com

A rude shock.

Deforestation is a main issue that works havoc on the reef, the disappearance of trees makes surface soil without support and it along with silt flows in to river and finally reaches in to the sea. These silt blocks sunlight beneath the sea and kill the symbiotic bacteria and thereby causing the death of the coral polyps. Industrial units discharge waste to the sea and effluents from crowded cities deposit it in to the sea. These effluents act like nutrients to some harmful bacteria and algae that invade the reef. All these are ringing death knell of this valuable system that has formed by billions of years. It is shocking to read that a major part of the barrier is on the verge of death.

A recognition.

The world has recognized the value and importance of the reef and it has been given the status of World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1981. More than 2 million tourists visit the reef each year and Australian tourism is much dependent upon the reefs for its revenue sources. The responsibilities related with the protection of reef are entrusted with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. This Authority has the hard task to protect the environment while facilitating amenities to the tourists who come from the whole part of the world for pleasure as well as study.

Tourism.

Great Barrier Reef image courtsey: liveandletdive.googlepages.com

Tourism is the main income of the Great Barrier Reef area, the revenue it receives is over 1 billion dollars. The visitors to this reef are with varying demands some for sheer pleasure, others want to spent holidays in luxury, there are adventurers, and there are visitors who are aware of the rarity of the barrier reef phenomenon and want to understand it in person. Linder man, White Sunday, Hamilton, Day dream, Hook (all islands) Hardy Reef, Whit Heaven Beach are some of the destinations visited by cruisers, tourists can have sight seeing all around the places and avail great company along with.

Facilities.

There are about 700 approved tour operators of which more than 65% actively engaged in facilitating amenities to tourists. There are glass bottomed boats for viewing the corals by sitting in the boat, There are scuba diving facilities, semi submersible vessels, snorkeling gears (a tube and fittings to breathe while under shallow waters) rowing boats and etc provided. Those who are interested in fishing can pass time by catching fish. Those who have come to study the system has a good chance as educational tours are also here.

As it is in the case of most of the good tourists’ spots, here also the tourists who come for mere pleasure or just for spending a holiday; return with a lot of information and awareness; that they would never have acquired sitting at home.

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• Coral Reefs
• Belize Barrier Reef
  

Coral Reefs

Coral reefs - The Vanishing Tribe That Made Mountains Out of Thin Water !!!

Plants or animals?

Ancient people took coral reefs for plants seeing the sedentary nature and the “flowers” all around. One who pays a visit to coral reefs in a Carl Segan style during the night alone can understand the real “activities” of these animals, ancient people cannot be blamed for mistaking them for plants. To observe them in a sunlit reef a lavish visual feast. It is time man has to take the survival of these beauties seriously and work so that these reefs remain where they are and grow to greater breadth for the good of the whole world.

Polyps not flowers!

As the water is calm in the dark hours of night approach the reef with all the gears of a deep sea swimmer wait there patiently and slowly shine the diver’s light the sight will be unforgettable! Seeing the light within seconds swarm of zooplanktons caroming off one another like moths approach the “mountain” (colony of sea anemones which forms the coral reef) that is the time to watch the real animal in this being often considered a plant. The little “flowers” (polyps) spring up and get engaged in swallowing the zooplanktons which approaches the flowers are caught and sucked inside with panache.

A forest in the sea

These coral reefs cover the earth’s surface more than any other species of animals or even plants. They yield more living materials per hectare than any plants however carefully cultivated. A colony of coral reef is like a forest in the sea, it is rather a biosphere where numerous fish in-vertebrates flourish. Being the largest construction ever made by any animals (that of man included) coral reefs play vital role in rearing the production of sea food to the great service of nature as well as mankind.

Hermaphrodite

Like its shape size and appearance these animals are peculiar it its mode of propagation also. Each animal does the function of both genders as they produce male and female genetic materials (sperms and eggs). The sperms are let free for their fate, some them may be fortunate enough to enter in the other polyps (as the eggs in the polyp of its origin generally matures in a different times male and female of the same polyp do not join together) and among them few join with eggs. The eggs after fertilization grow in to larvae called “planulae”

Survival of the fittest

These planulae swim just below the ocean surface, the number of these larvae is so huge that in many places they turn the color of the sea in to pink! Most of these planulae end up in predator’s mouth. The survival rate may be less than one out of a billion. The survivor establishes its colony. A few hours after the settlement a starlike skeleton begins to appear inside and beneath it , which functions as the cement to fix it with the bottom. Soon after settlement polyps appear and multiplication starts and the colony assumes the shape of a volcano.

Extreme engineering

As the colony grows upwards the polyps maintain their position on the surface of the skeleton by cementing over the tops of their old craters while building new ones above. Thus the internal skeleton of a coral head consisting of many layers of roofed- over cups resembles a ceramic honey-comb, a self-repairing break water (which can challenge any modern construction in quality) is thus formed without costing a penny to those who derive the benefit out of it. The benefit is this that without corals most of earth’s populated ring islands (coral atolls) just above the sea-level would have been washed away by the oceans that surround them.

Tropical forest and the forest of the sea

Of late the destruction of tropical forests have risen to alarming levels, this in turn increases the soil erosion, along with that the effluents from cities directly find its way in to the sea. These all cover the reef as a blanket and a film of sediment that the corals cannot remove themselves and the whole colony gets choked and perish. When corals die all the eco-system supported by it also die without any evidence of recovery.

Preserve them as our ancestral wealth

Man for the quest of his development has always been unkind to the environment, a time has come that nature has reached its breaking point and drastic action if not taken immediately can wipe out our entire development in to mere nothing. It is a question of now or never.

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• The Great Barrier Reef
• Belize Barrier Reef